One of the most important theoretical works of Lenin in his early period. The subtitle is “A Reply to Articles in Russian Fortune Opposing the Marxists”, aiming to refute the wrong views of Russian liberal Narodniks which defended the Marxist scientific worldview. The book was published secretly in 1894, however due to the poor underground working conditions at that time, the second part was lost, and now only the first and third parts of the original book are published. At that time, Russia’s liberal Narodniks had abandoned years-long Narodnik revolutionary struggle against the Tsarist government, shifted their efforts to oppose and attack Marxism. Since 1893, Mikhailovsky and others of the same mind, published articles on Russian Fortune, publicly challenged the historical materialism, and they had a bad influence on Russian people. In response, Lenin wrote this pamphlet in three parts, systematically criticized the philosophy and sociologic theory, economic theory, economic policy and guiding principles of the Narodnik school. Of the three parts, the first part is the most critical part. The Chinese translation is included in Vol. 1 of the revised second edition of the Complete Works of Lenin.
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