Russian philosopher and physician. Born in Tula on August 22, 1873 and died in Moscow on April 7, 1928. His initial surname was Malinovsky. He joined the workers’ movement after his graduation from the Tula Gymnasium; in 1896 he joined social democrats. Following the Second Congress of Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party in 1903, he chose to stand with the Bolsheviks, and he was elected as a prospective member to the Central Committee at the 3rd, as an alternate member at the 4th and the 5th Congresses of RSDLP. He worked in the editorial department of Bolshevik newspaper Forward (Vpered), Proletariat and New Life. After the failure of the revolution in 1905, he joined Vperedists group and later led the recallist (Otzovist) group. He was expelled from the Bolshevik party in 1909. After the October Revolution, he was one of the founders of the Proletarian Culture movement, known as Proletkult. In 1926, he founded and became the director of the Institute for Haematology and Blood Transfusions, and later the same year died because of a wrong blood transfusion operation.
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